A Review of Contemporary Approaches to National Defense in a Globalized World

Abstract

National defense strategies have evolved beyond traditional military paradigms to address the multifaceted challenges posed by globalization, technological advancements, and sociopolitical shifts. This article explores contemporary approaches to national defense, emphasizing the integration of education, technology, and cultural preservation as key pillars of resilience. Drawing on 33 studies sourced from diverse academic platforms, including the Garuda Digital Reference (Garuda) database, it highlights the role of education in fostering patriotism, critical thinking, and civic responsibility through curricula, digital literacy programs, and interdisciplinary frameworks. Technological advancements, while introducing vulnerabilities such as cyberattacks and misinformation, also offer transformative opportunities, including gamified learning, virtual simulations, and robust cybersecurity frameworks. Cultural preservation emerges as a vital counterbalance to globalization, with digital storytelling and community-based initiatives fostering national identity and social cohesion. The article identifies significant gaps in existing research, including the lack of longitudinal studies, underexplored cross-cultural comparisons, and limited integration of emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and blockchain. It also highlights regional disparities in access to educational and technological resources, particularly in rural areas. Recommendations include expanding interdisciplinary collaborations, investing in equitable education and technology infrastructure, and conducting longitudinal and comparative studies to enhance scalability and effectiveness. By synthesizing findings from diverse contexts, this review provides actionable insights for policymakers, educators, and researchers. It underscores the necessity of a holistic approach that balances tradition and innovation to safeguard national sovereignty and cultural identity in an interconnected world.